2025: Key Developments in AI Safety
2025-12-31
As the leader of the Responsible AI team at SB Intuitions this past year, I had the opportunity to be broadly involved in AI safety research and development. Here, I'd like to summarize the "developments of 2025" as I experienced them.
Safety measures have become more complex
In the past, Safety Alignment relied heavily on SFT and RLHF using human-annotated data, much like general capability improvement. Today, however, this paradigm has completely shifted.
In particular, following the trend of RLVF (Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Feedback) [Tulu 3, DeepSeek-R1], the use of synthetic data in post-training has become dominant, and the overall volume of data has exploded. For safety measures too, the era where simply preparing SFT data and preference data by hand was enough has come to an end.
However, safety issues are not a uniformly verifiable domain like math or puzzles. As a result, approaches like Collective Alignment, which verify how faithfully a model is aligned to systematically written natural-language safety rules such as the OpenAI Model Spec, have been accelerating.
Also, as LLMs' information processing capability and accuracy have improved, the risks of concern have qualitatively changed. Beyond simply preventing inappropriate remarks, the risk of misuse for serious criminal acts has become the biggest concern. According to the GPT-5 system card, more than 5,000 hours of red-teaming were conducted by over 400 experts, with enormous resources devoted to countering the misuse risks that come with advanced reasoning capability. At the same time, automated red-teaming methods such as AutoDAN-Turbo continue to develop.
2025 was also the year AI began to genuinely hold execution privileges to operate browsers and tools. Along with this, the first zero-click attack in which confidential information could be leaked without any user intervention, EchoLeak, was reported, and defenders have increasingly been required to adopt more practical security measures.
Under these circumstances, ensuring safety is no longer merely a technical machine learning challenge. As with Google DeepMind's Frontier Safety Framework, we have entered a phase where solving these problems requires an organization-wide effort, including incident response readiness and governance.
Guardrail models have made a dramatic leap forward
2025 was the year in which guardrail models protecting the main LLM evolved from simple auxiliary filters into advanced reasoning models in their own right, backed by massive compute and data investments.
Until now, the challenge for guardrail models was their inability to detect new attack methods not included in the training data, or harmfulness hidden in complex context (a lack of generalization). In 2025, however, this wall was broken through via the strategic use of synthetic data.
Beyond research-level progress, a series of powerful, commercially deployable models were released one after another, advancing the democratization of safety measures.
| Model | Features and URL |
|---|---|
| LlamaGuard 4 | The Llama Guard series continuously released by Meta, now also supporting images. https://www.llama.com/docs/model-cards-and-prompt-formats/llama-guard-4 |
| gpt-oss-safeguard | OpenAI's open-source release of its Moderation API know-how, making it possible to achieve the same standard as the commercial API in a local environment. https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-oss-safeguard/ |
| Qwen3Guard | A powerful guardrail model that boasts extremely high detection performance, especially for harmful expressions specific to East Asian languages and cultures. https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3Guard |
Research shedding light on LLM behavior
To improve safety, it's not enough to simply implement countermeasures — understanding the fundamental mechanisms of what happens inside the model is essential. In 2025, important insights were revealed about several such behaviors.
Conclusion
The field of AI Safety may be in a challenging era, one that demands rapid evolution as foundation models achieve dramatic capability gains and gain new privileges. At the same time, I feel that AI Safety has never been more needed by society than it is now. And I'm excited to think that in 2026, more challenges will be solved and new ones will emerge.
